Endotoxins
Endotoxin contamination is a common problem with recombinant proteins and nucleic acids purified from gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli. Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are heat-stable molecules associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. When bacterial cells are actively growing or when their membranes disintegrate upon death, the essential LPS components of the cell wall are released into the surrounding environment. Lipopolysaccharides are large molecules ranging in size from 3–4 kDa, consisting of a hydrophobic lipid group covalently bound to a long complex polysaccharide tail. Endotoxin contamination is dangerous and can trigger endotoxic shock, inflammation, or sepsis in animals, and tissue culture. https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-purification-isolation/protein-purification/endotoxin-quantitation-removal/overview-of-endotoxin-testing-methods.html
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