Microbiologists Background

The famous microbiologists chosen for this puzzle come from the early days of microbiology. The order of the names is more or less chronological.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: Considered to be the first acknowledged microscopist.

Edward Jenner: Developed vaccination techniques against smallpox.

Ignaz Semmelweis: Demonstrated effectiveness of washing hands with chlorine solutions in reducing mortality of child birth in hospitals.

Hans Christian Gram: Developed Gram stain.

Charles Lavaran: Discovered causes of malaria and trypanosomiasis.

Joseph Lister: Introduced sterilization methods to surgery.

Louis Pasteur: Key proponent of germ theory.

Fanny Hesse: Developed agar for culturing bacteria..

Martinus Beijerinck: Discovered the first virus.

Marjory Stephenson: Early student of bacterial metabolism.

Kiyoshi Shiga: Discovered a bacterium related to a dysentery outbreak.

Sergei Winogradsky: Discovered numerous aspects of biogeochemical cycles..

Emil Adolf von Behring: Discovered a diphtheria antitoxin.

Ronald Ross: Discovered that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes

Robert Koch: Identified causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.

Charles Jules Henri Nicolle: Determined that typhus is transmitted by body lice.

Gerhard Domagk: Discovered the first commercially available antibiotic: prontosil.

Alexander Fleming: Shared 1945 Nobel Prize with Chain and Florey for discovery of penicillin.

Ernst Boris Chain: Shared 1945 Nobel Prize with Fleming and Florey for discovery of penicillin.

Howard Walter Florey: Shared 1945 Nobel Prize with Chain and Fleming for discovery of penicillin.

Contents derived in part from WikiPedia article at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microbiologists].